Heller guns for Marx.

In Socialism and Autonomy in the Postmodern Age, Agnes Heller argues that traditional Marxist frameworks falter when they treat individuals as mere bearers of class position or instruments of historical determinism. Instead, she places autonomy at the centre of socialist theory, insisting that freedom and self-direction must be structural conditions, not optional outcomes.

She engages with postmodern critiques without capitulating to relativism, and she addresses both the normative claims of left politics and the lived realities of agency, institutions, and moral life. This is political philosophy that refuses abstraction without sacrificing conceptual rigor.